Discourse Marker (DM)は、国語の読解や英文解釈で重視されますが、小論文や自由英作文でも重要な役割を果たします。入試において自由英作文を作るとき、DMで文間をつなぐと完成度を高めることができます。ここでは、このDMをまとめます。”国公立大(理系／文系)や私立難関大(文系)／英作文を課す難関私立高／英語を課す全ての私立中”の受験に役立ち、指導を受けた生徒の多くが国公立大／難関私立大や難関私立高に合格しています。
ここには入試に出るDMの基本を列記しましたが、入試問題は学校毎にそれぞれ特徴／傾向があります。従って、英文を作る場合には、すべてを覚える必要はなく目指す学校に有効な語句だけ覚えれば十分です。ただし、英文解釈ではすべて必須で、すべて覚えておくべきです。
１．理由
because of～／on acount of～／owing to～ ～のために
Thanks to～ ～のおかげで／～のせいで
Because～, ・・・／Since～, ・・・／As～, ・・・ ～だから、・・・
This is because ～ これは～だからである
One reason for this is that ～ これの理由のひとつは～である
One reason is that ～ ひとつの理由は～である
The main reason is that ～ 主な理由は～である
Firstly／First／First of all／To begin with／To start with／In the first plase まず第一に
Secondly／Second／Next／In the second place 第二に
Thirdly／Third／In the third place 第三に
Lastly／Last／Finally 最後に
For on thing,～. For another,・・・. ひとつには～・、もうひとつには・・・
[ex.]
As I'm busy now, I can't go.
I couldn't go out because of the storm.
= I couldn't go out, because I was caught in a storm.
I don't play video games for several reasons. First, I don't have a game machine. Second(ly), I'm busy. Third(ly)[Finally], I prefer playing sports.
There are two reasons against giving the position to Mike. To begin with, he doesn't have much experience. Besides, there are few people who support him.
2. 譲歩→反論(A→B)
A: It is true (that) ～／Of course ～／Certainly～ 「なるほど(もちろん／確かに)～だが・・・」
B: but／however しかしながら
B: otherwise さもなければ
B: nevertheless／still／yet／even so／all the same それでも／それにも関わらず
[ex.]
It is true he is a good scholar, but he isn't good at teaching.
I studied very hard before the test; otherwise, I'd have failed it. (仮定法)
3. 例示
for instance／for example たとえば
in particular 特に
4. 一般論化
on the whole／in general／by and large 概して／一般的には
to a great extent かなりの程度
to some extent ある程度
broadly speaking 大雑把に言えば
in all cases あらゆる場合
in most cases ほとんどの場合
in many cases 多くの場合
in some cases 場合によっては
[ex.]
On the whole, I prefer Keat's poems to his prose.
5. 情報の追加
besides／moreover／in addition／as well as that／on top of that／another thing is／what is more その上／さらにまた
[ex.]
He gave me some advice. Besides[Moreover, In addition], he lent me some money.
6. 結論／要約／論理的帰結
accordingly, hence, therefore, thus それゆえ
as a result／cosequently 結果的に
so／then だから／したがって ( ⇔ as, since, because～, ・・・ ～なので・・・ )
That is why そういうわけで ( ⇔ That is because ～ それは～であるからだ )
in coclusion 結論として
to sum up 要約すると
in a word／briefly／in brief／in short 要するに
[ex.]
He studied very hard. As a result[Consequently], he passed the bar examination.
I am busy now, so I can't go out.
= As [Since] I'm busy now, I can't go out.
I'm interested in French art. That is why I want to go to Paris.
= I want to go to Paris. That is because I'm intersted in Franch art.
A child is most intelligent when the reality before him arouses in him a high degree of attention, interest, concentration, involvementーin short, when he cares most about what he is doing.
7. 類似性
similarly／in the sameway 同じように／同様に
8. 焦点／前部との関連
talking of [about] O／speaking of [about] O Oはどうかと言えば
as for O Oについては／Oはというと
regarding O／as regards O Oに関しては
as far at S is concerned Sに関する限り
[ex.]
Winter is the most plesant season as far as I am concerned.
8. 対照
on the one hand 一方では
on the other hand 他方では
on the contrary それどころか
while～／whereas～ ～の一方では／～だけれども
[ex.]
On the one hand I do want to travel abroad, but on the other hand I don't have enough money for that.
A: It must have been terrible.
B: On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.
While we brought the drinks, they took care of the food.
( = They took care of the food, while we brought the drinks. )
9. 詳細
that is to say／in other words すなわち／言い換えれば
[ex.]
That would mean voting no, that is to say, using the veto.
He refused my request. In other words, he said,"No.".
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